There has also been a lively debate in the literature on how to define and answer attribution questions. ( 2016), and Otto ( 2017) give an overview of the state of the art in event attribution at the time of their publications. The report also gives an overview of operational and/or rapid attribution systems. Chapter 3 of the NAS report is dedicated to methods of event attribution, including observational analyses, model analyses, and multi-method studies. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has written a “state-of-the-science” assessment report ( National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016), discussing the current state of extreme weather attribution science. Recently there have been many overview studies on extreme event attribution. It can also be used as a standard methodology in academic event attributions. This paper aims to be a starting point for this. A protocol on the design and framework for operational analyses is needed such that analyses will be comparable. In a few cases attribution studies have been carried out in near real time by research teams. For these event types, the general methodology can now be standardized, requiring case-by-case modification only for specific aspects such as model evaluation. Some types of analyses, notably the attribution of temperature and large-scale precipitation extremes, have generally been providing consistent results across methods and cases and have been carried out so frequently that they may be operationalized. Various groups are now actively performing thorough analyses and have produced a multitude of case studies (e.g.
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